Table 1. Breakdown of animal bones from the Umayyad period
Species
Bones
|
Sheep/
goat
|
Cattle
|
Domestic chicken
|
Total
|
Maxilla
|
1
|
|
|
1
|
Mandibula
|
1
|
|
|
1
|
Molar
|
6
|
1
|
|
7
|
Scapula
|
4
|
|
|
4
|
Humerus
|
1
|
1
|
|
2
|
Coracoid
|
|
|
1
|
1
|
Pelvis
|
1
|
1
|
|
2
|
Femur
|
2
|
1
|
|
3
|
Tibia
|
1
|
|
|
1
|
Calcaneus
|
1
|
|
|
1
|
Metatarsus
|
1
|
|
1
|
2
|
Unidentified limb
|
4
|
2
|
|
6
|
Phalanx I
|
|
1
|
|
1
|
Phalanx II
|
2
|
|
|
2
|
V. Axis II
|
2
|
|
|
2
|
V. Lumbar
|
4
|
11
|
|
15
|
Rib
|
22
|
5
|
|
27
|
Total
|
53
|
23
|
2
|
78
|
%
|
67.94
|
29.49
|
2.57
|
100.00
|
Table 2. Limb bones of animals from the Umayyad period (r –right, l –left)
Species
Bones
|
Sheep/goat
R L
|
Cattle
R L
|
Domestic
Chicken
R L
|
Distal humerus
|
1
|
1
|
|
1
|
|
|
Coracoid
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Proximal femur
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
|
Distal tibia
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
Proximal metatarsus
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
Distal metatarsus
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Calcaneus
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
Table 3. Minimum number of individuals (MNI) from the Umayyad period
Species
Bones
|
Sheep/goat
|
Cattle
|
Domestic chicken
|
Total
|
MNI
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
4
|
%
|
50.00
|
25.00
|
25.00
|
100.00
|
Table 4. Breakdown of animal bones from the Abbasid period.
Species
Bones
|
Sheep/goat
|
Cattle
|
Dromedary camel
|
Domestic chicken
|
Total
|
Scapula
|
3
|
|
|
1
|
4
|
Humerus
|
2
|
2
|
|
1
|
5
|
Radius
|
|
|
|
1
|
1
|
Metacarpus
|
2
|
|
|
|
2
|
Coracoid
|
|
|
|
1
|
1
|
Pelvis
|
2
|
1
|
|
|
3
|
Femur
|
1
|
|
|
1
|
2
|
Tibia
|
|
|
|
1
|
1
|
Metatarsus
|
1
|
1
|
|
1
|
3
|
Unidentified limb
|
12
|
|
6
|
6
|
24
|
Calcaneus
|
2
|
1
|
|
|
3
|
Phalanx I
|
|
1
|
|
|
1
|
V. Lumbar
|
5
|
|
|
|
5
|
Rib
|
20
|
3
|
|
|
23
|
Total
|
50
|
9
|
6
|
13
|
78
|
%
|
64.10
|
11.54
|
7.70
|
16.66
|
100.00
|
Table 5. Limb bones of animals from the Abbasid period (r –right, l –left)
Species
Bones
|
Sheep/goat
R L
|
Cattle
R L
|
Domestic
Chicken
R L
|
Proximal humerus
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
Distal humerus
|
|
2
|
|
1
|
1
|
|
Distal radius
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
Proximal metacarpus
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
Distal metacarpus
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
Proximal femur
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
|
1
|
Distal femur
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Distal tibia
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Proximal metatarsus
|
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
|
Distal metatarsus
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Calcaneus
|
2
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
Table 6. Minimum number of individuals (MNI) from the Abbasid period
Species
|
Sheep/goat
|
Cattle
|
Dromedary camel
|
Domestic chicken
|
Total
|
MNI
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
5
|
%
|
40.00
|
20.00
|
20.00
|
20.00
|
100.00
|
The Glass Vessels
Brigitte Ouahnouna
The excavation yielded 140 glass fragments, of which 80 were small and non-diagnostic. Ten fragments and a single industrial glass waste are presented herewith. The assemblage consists of a wide range of vessel types, including bowls, beakers, bottles, jug handles, lamp fragments and a single mold-blown decorated fragment, dating mainly to the Abbasid and the beginning of the Fatimid periods (tenth–eleventh centuries CE). The group is characterized by colorless glass covered with a layer of hard black weathering. Some of the vessels are covered with a yellowish or greenish tinge, even a purple one. Three fragments (Fig. 12:8–10) can be attributed to the Medieval period, based on their shape and the nature of material.
Fig. 12:1 (L129) is a rim fragment of a bowl, made of colorless glass, highly bubbly, and coated with pitting and black silvery and iridescence weathering. The rim (diam. 115 mm) is rounded. An applied trail, also colorless, decorates the thin straight wall 5 mm below the rim.
Fig. 12:2 (L121) is a long rim and neck of bottle (rim diam. 25 mm). Severe pitting with milky weathering covers the very light blue glass.
Fig. 12:3 (L129) is a complete rim and neck of a bottle decorated with a wide and thick thread, 2 cm under the upright rim (diam. 28 mm); it is made of light bluish greenish glass, and is covered with a black crust. Thread decoration is rare in the Abbasid–Fatimid periods when compared to the Byzantine and Umayyad periods, and in the Ayyubid–Mamluk periods it is even less common. A similar bottle was discovered at Bet She’an, dating to the Abbasid period (Hadad 2005:41, Pl. 39:825).
Fig. 12:4, 5 are handles of jugs. An assemblage of various jugs, of which mostly the handles were only preserved, was discovered at Bet She’an (Hadad 2005:45–46, Pls. 43, 44).
The handle in Fig. 12:4 (L101) is made of light greenish glass with silvery weathering. The handle has a thumb-rest, higher than the jug rim and is bent back.
The handle in Fig. 12:5 (L124) is also made of greenish glass and has pitting and silvery weathering, as well as a perpendicular thumb-rest.
Fig. 12:6 (L109) deserves particular attention. It is a base fragment, made of colorless glass with a green tinge. It has a typical mold-blown decoration, made of a row of little circles around a bigger circle that surrounds the pontil scar (for typology of mold-blown patterns, see Bass, Brill, Lledo and Matthews 2009: Fig. 3:1, 2).
Fig. 12:7 (L118) is a slightly concave base (diam. 50 mm), made of greenish glass and characterized by a very prominent pontil scar (diam.15 mm).
In addition to these vessels, clearly attributed to the Abbasid period, one beaker rim and two ring-bases could be attributed to the Medieval period, due to their form and material. The provenances of these vessels are mixed loci.
Fig. 12:8 (L102) is a rim (diam. 95 mm) and neck fragment of a beaker. It is made of light greenish glass with black pitting, silver weathering and iridescence; traces of polishing are visible on the exterior. These tall beakers were used as lamps.
Rims of this kind had previously been attributed to large bottles; however, in recent
years, many vessels with similar rims were found in Jerusalem, Bet She’an and
Ramla and it is possible to reconstruct them as beakers with a wick tube in the center(
HA-ESI 121: Fig. 13:8, 9).
Fig. 12:9 (L101) is an incomplete hollow ring base (diam. 65 mm) made of yellowish light brownish glass, highly bubbly, with weathering, silver iridescence and severe pitting.
Fig. 12:10 (L100) is a complete ring base (diam. 50 mm). The colorless glass has silver weathering and iridescence and is severely pitted.
Fig. 12:11 is an uneven glass drop, made of greenish glass, entirely covered with a white film. Although it is industrial waste, this small fragment is not sufficient to confirm the evidence of glass industry at the site.