121
2009
 Journal 121


 Print With Images 


 Print No Images


El-Burj
Preliminary Report

 Ilan Peretz  and Pirhiya Nahshoni 
15/9/2009


1. Winepress from the Early Roman period, looking south.  



 

During July–August 2006, a trial excavation was conducted at the site of El-Burj (Permit No. A-4847; map ref. NIG 19071–86/59429–46; OIG 14071–86/09429–46), in the wake of paving Highway 358 from Shomeriyya to Moshav Sheqef. The excavation, undertaken on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority and underwritten by the Department of Public Works, was directed by I. Peretz and P. Nahshoni (photography, Area A supervision), with the assistance of A. Freiberg (Area B supervision), H. Lavi and Y. Ohayon (administration), V. Essman and V. Pirsky (surveying), C. Amit (studio photography), O. Shorr (restoration), C. Hersch (drawing of finds), Y. Gorin-Rosen (glass), R. Kool (numismatics) and D. Varga, Y. Israel and Y. Baumgarten of the IAA southern region.
The site is located in the southern Judean Shephelah, at the foot of the Hebron Highlands, c. 2 km northeast of Shomeriyya and c. 1 km south of Tell Beit Mirsim. The indigenous bedrock is an easily quarried soft limestone.
The region had been surveyed during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries CE; it was surveyed again after the Six Day war of June 1967 (M. Kochavi, 1968, Archaeological Survey of Judaea, Samaria and the Golan, Site 203); The crusader fortress was documented (A. Kloner 1982, Two Crusader Sites in the Southern Judean Shephelah, Tevah V’Aretz 24, p. 256 [Hebrew]) and numerous installations were excavated in 2004–2005 on the slopes of the hill near the tomb of Sheikh Abu Toq (Permit No. A-4270).  
Two areas (A, B) were opened in the current excavation.
Area A was the southern area (c. 94 sq m), where a bathhouse whose remains dated to the Late Roman and Byzantine periods was excavated. Other buildings were discovered to its north and pottery vessels from the Roman, Byzantine and Mamluk periods were found.
The large Roman-period bathhouse was built of large dressed stones and included three rooms, as well as a section of another building that was added to its south in a later phase. The southern and center rooms were probably the hypocaust and the furnace; the use of the northern room was unclear. 
Alterations to the building were done during the Byzantine period. The hypocaust was destroyed and its remains, which included parts of a mosaic pavement, columns, ceramic pipes and plaster remains, were discarded in the region of the furnace. A room or tower, built of roughly hewn stones, was added in the southeastern corner.
The meager remains of another wall were exposed to the north of the complex and the remains of a massive structure were documented to the west of the bathhouse. This was probably a white mosaic-paved pool, which belonged to a saqiye well. It seems that the bathhouse went out of use sometime in the Byzantine period and the later remains in the area were pottery vessels from the Mamluk period.
 
Area B (170 sq m) was north of Area A. Remains of two winepresses, a cave or a rock-hewn installation, a pottery workshop; limekiln remains (?) and scant remains of a building were exposed and several agricultural walls were examined. Potsherds dating to the Chalcolithic period, the Middle Bronze Age and the Late Roman and Byzantine periods were found.
A large winepress (5.3 × 9.4 m) from the Early Roman period that included a treading floor and two collecting vats was exposed on a hilltop in the northeast of the area. Settling depressions were noted at the bottom corners of the collecting vats and a hewn, plastered central column was in the western vat. The winepress was partly built inside the remains of a cave or an ancient installation that was bedrock hewn. Three layers of hydraulic plaster were applied to the collecting vats and the treading floor. The pottery and stone vessels recovered from the winepress indicate that it ceased to be used in the Early Roman period.
The ancient installation consisted of a plastered staircase and the inside of a cave. Fragments of pottery vessels and stone vessels that dated to the Chalcolithic period, the Middle Bronze Age and the Early Roman period were found.
The remains from the Byzantine period included three walls of a structure that were built of small fieldstones and preserved a single course high. The building superimposed the remains of the Roman winepress, mostly the western part of its treading floor. Meager finds were recovered from the building.
On the southern slope of the hill, south of the winepress, a pottery workshop was located where the remains of a pair of curved walls that probably functioned as a corridor that led to the kiln’s heating chambers were exposed.  
On the northern fringes of Area B was another rock-hewn winepress that consisted of a shallow treading floor and a shallow channel that led to a rectangular collecting vat. A circular settling depression was in the northern corner of the collecting vat. Several cupmarks of different sizes were noted on the treading floor and east of the winepress. No datable finds were discovered.
Remains of walls, some of which were used as enclosure walls, were uncovered to the east of the Roman winepress.
The remains of a plastered pool, a bell-shaped cistern and a well from the time of the British Mandate were documented, but not excavated. The well included remains of a pumping installation that incorporated stone construction and concrete, as well as iron or steel rods.
The finds from the excavation contribute important data to the settlement in the area, prior to the construction of the Crusader fortress in the modern village of el-Burj. The location of the site in Biq‘at Yeval, near sources of water, ensured the existence of a permanent settlement and habitation from as early as the Chalcolithic period; however, most of the remains were from the Roman and Byzantine periods. The large winepress and possibly the small press as well attest to a settlement in the Early Roman period. The Roman road from Bet Guvrin to Be’er Sheva‘ had passed through the region and the bathhouse was built in this period. Alterations to the bathhouse were done in the Byzantine period, at which time its operation ceased. A pottery workshop, in which the southern type of bag-shaped jars was manufactured, was built north of the bathhouse. The farming enclosure walls were probably from this period. The wells and cisterns continued to be used in the Middle Ages and some of them were adapted for use in the British Mandate and are still used today.


To view the figures, click on the figure caption



   1. Winepress from the Early Roman period, looking south.

לגרסה בעברית


Website, texts and photos © Israel Antiquities Authority